Viruses from divergent families (coronaviruses, herpesviruses, influenza, rotavirus, RSV) share a common initial attachment mechanism: binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on host cell surfaces before engaging their specific receptor. Lactoferrin competitively binds HSPGs, blocking this universal first step of viral attachment independent of the specific downstream viral receptor.

Does lactoferrin work against influenza in humans?

In vitro data is strongly positive. Human evidence is primarily from observational studies and meta-analyses of URTI (including influenza) incidence and duration reduction. No specific influenza-only RCT has been completed.

Can lactoferrin prevent herpes simplex reactivation?

HSV uses HSPG for initial host cell attachment; lactoferrin blocks this step in cell culture models. Human evidence for preventing HSV outbreaks is limited to case reports and small series. Antiviral medications (acyclovir) remain the standard of care.